What buffers do: Buffers limit pH changes by using a weak acid and conjugate base pair to neutralize added acids or bases through reversible reactions. Why pKa matters: A buffer’s pKa determines the ...

This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Polyprotic acids can release more than one proton through sequential reactions, each defined by a unique dissociation constant. These stepwise processes shape titration curves and influence buffer ...