Ordinary differential equations (ODEs), difference equations and dynamical systems provide complementary frameworks for modelling the evolution of quantities in continuous or discrete time. ODEs ...

Antifragility characterizes the benefit of a dynamical system derived from the variability in environmental perturbations. Antifragility carries a precise definition that quantifies a system’s output ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...