These changes aren’t permanent – the brain goes gradually back to normal after coming back to Earth. Understanding the physical effects of spaceflight helps plan space missions.

The skull of a Viking-era man who had part of his skull cut out in the world’s oldest surgical procedure has been unearthed.

The damage doesn't happen in long-term missions; just spending a couple of weeks in orbit can physically reshape an astronaut ...

Archaeologists discover what may be the world's oldest surgery in a Viking-age skull, revealing ancient trepanation performed ...

From the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, modern organ transplantation has often been linked to the horrors of ...

A deformed human skull discovered over thirty years ago in central China is now upending what researchers believed they understood about our origins. The fossil, named Yunxian 2, was extracted from ...

The skull had the brow of a descendant but the face of an ancestor. When researchers finished reconstructing the DAN5/P1 cranium from Ethiopia’s Afar region, dated to between 1.6 and 1.5 million years ...

Scientists rebuilt human brain circuits in the lab and discovered that the thalamus acts as a central organizer of cortical wiring. The findings offer new insight into how brain networks form and why ...

For the first time, scientists have detailed how a deadly brain cancer has a unique path of progression, aggressively eating away at the skull itself – and how drugs to impede this end up making it ...