If phosphorous has five electrons in its outermost shell, meaning it needs only three more to fill the shell, how can it form FOUR valence bonds when used as a dopant in a silicon crystal? This is one ...

Researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), alongside those from the Université de Sherbrooke in Quebec and Aalto University in Finland, have announced they have used artificial atoms in ...

Hollow atoms are special atoms with multiple missing electrons in their inner shells, while their outer shells are still fully or partially filled with electrons. Studying the production mechanisms, ...

Some atoms are stable, while others seem to fall apart. Lead-208 will probably last forever, while the synthetic isotope technetium-99 exists for just hours. The difference lies in the structure of ...