Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms allow multicellular organisms to develop distinct specialized cell identities despite having the same total genome. Cell-fate choices are based on gene expression ...

This brief essay reviews an approach to defining and then detecting the emergence of complexity in nonlinear processes. It is, in fact, a synopsis of Reference [1] that leaves out the technical ...

We investigate the problem of learning to play a generalized rock-paper-scissors game. Each player attempts to improve her average score by adjusting the frequency of the three possible responses. For ...

Chen, Renfei; Suping Xiao; Chuancong Dong; Shubin Xie; Liang Zhang; Fan Wu; Chengyi Tu; Quan-Xing Liu; Shaopeng Wang; Ulo Niinemets; Alan Hastings; Karl J. Niklas and ...

Predicting how ecological communities will respond to disturbances is notoriously challenging, especially given the variability in species' responses within the same community. Focusing solely on ...

The computation of reliable, chemically correct atom maps from educt/product pairs has turned out to be a difficult problem in cheminformatics because the chemically correct solution is not ...

Abstract: Deterministic Turing machines and their associated complexity measures, by construction, cannot capture the complexity of the output of stochastic processes - like those in the real world.

Hensel lifting is a technique for taking solutions modulo p to systems of polynomial equations with integer coefficients, and "lifting" them to solutions mod p2,p4,p8, etc. One of the original ...

Large language models like GPT-4, the one behind ChatGPT, train on vast stores of data to complete one task: Produce a convincing sequence of words in response to a user’s written request. The tools ...

Elections are a well-documented example of collective human decision-making, with voting data available for elections globally over several decades. SFI Complexity Postdoctoral Fellow Aanjaneya Kumar, ...

Using a variety of analogy puzzles, SFI researchers have shown that the reasoning abilities of OpenAI’s GPT-4 model fall short when faced with small changes. Recognizing the limitations of these tools ...